Sadly, Nell Toussaint passed away on January 9, 2023
Bruce Porter, Some Reflections on Nell Toussaint: July 14, 1969 – January 9, 2023 The Person Behind the Historic Human Rights Case
Nicholas Keung, She went from undocumented to undeniable. Advocate whose fight against Canadian government reached the UN remembered as an ‘inspiration’
Nell Toussaint Honoured for Black History Month February 2024
KEY DOCUMENTS
The famous 2018 decision of the UN Human Rights Committee:
Toussaint v Canada CCPR/C/123/D/2348/2014 (30 August 2018)
Canada's Response to the Committee's Decision, refusing to comply with it.
Canada's Response to the UN Committee's decision
The Ontario Superior Court decision of August 17, 2022 of Perell J. dismissing Canada's Motion to Strike Nell Toussaint's Challenge to Canada's Refusal to Implement the UN Human Rights Committee's Decision
Toussaint v. Canada (Attorney General) 2022 ONSC 4747
Order of Justice Perell August 17, 2022
Toronto Star Aug 19th, 2022
CURRENT ACTION Ont Superior Court following Motion to Strike and Appeal
Ann Toussaint, Appointed Representative of the Estate of Nell Toussaint, Deceased, for the Purposes of this Proceeding v. Attorney General of Canada
Fresh Amended Statement of Claim
Statement of Defense - Canada
Motion Record of Ann Toussaint
Endorsement Order of Justice Vermette
Order of Justice Vermette Adding Ann Toussaint
Endorsement Order of Justice Papageorgiou
CCPI Coalition Case Conference Brief May 17, 2024
Defendant's Case Conference Brief (May 22, 2024)
Brief of Pleadings, Endorsements and Orders (as of May 28, 2024)
CCPI Coalition Motion Record Leave to Intervene
CCPI Coalition Factum Leave to Intervene
CCPI Coalition Compendium
CCPI Coalition List of Authorities
Amnesty International-ESCR-Net Factum Leave to Intervene
AG Factum Response to AI-ESCR-Net and CCPI Coalition
Decision of Papageorgiou J on Interventions and Mediation (Dec 12 2024)
Motion on Mandatory Mediation
Plaintiff Motion Record on Mandatory Mediation
Plaintiff Factum on Mandatory Mediation
AG Factum re Mandatory Mediation and Deemed Undertaking
Plaintiff's Reply Factum on Mandatory Mediation
Ontario Court of Appeal Decision of February 23, 2023 on jurisdiction and limitiations order
Toussaint v Canada (Attorney General), 2023 OCA117
Follow-Up Action to Encourage Canada to Implement the Views at the UN and in Canada
UN Human Rights Committee Evaluates Canada's Response to Views CCPR/C/123/2 p. 13 - decides to keep trying to engage with Canada
Canada Responds to Further UN Human Rights Committee Follow-Up Requests refusing to implement the Views (6 April 2022).
Complainant's Submissions to UN Human Rights Committee on Follow-up (March 23, 2023)
AI-ESCR-Net Submissions on Follow-up to UN Human Rights Committee (March 23, 2023)
Letter from Human Rights and Health Organizations and Experts to Canada Urging Implementation of the Human Rights Committee's Views (January 22, 2024)
Canada's Response to Universal Periodic Review Recommendation 180 on access to health care: "Undocumented migrants in Canada do not qualify for the Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP) or provincial/territorial health insurance." (March 15, 2024)
Here are the key documents in the Motion to Strike, leading to the Decision of Justice Perell
AG Canada Motion to Strike the Statement of Claim (amended)
AG Canada Factum Motion to Strike
CCPI Coalition Factum - Motion to Strike
Amnesty International & ESCR-Net Factum Motion to Strike
Colour of Poverty Coalition Factum Motion to Strike
Canadian Civil Liberties Association Factum Motion to Strike
Plaintiff Factum Motion to Strike
AG Canada Reply Factum
Toussaint v. Canada (Attorney General) 2022 ONSC 4747
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BACKGROUND
The Chronology and Documentation of Nell Toussaint's Long Struggle for Justice: (From most recent)
i) The Current Appeal to the Ontario Court of Appeal (2023 - decision pending)
The AG Canada did not appeal Justice Perell's dismissal of their Motion to Strike Nell Toussaint's Claim. The AG did, however, appeal two components of the decision issued as declatory final orders. The AG argued should have been issued as interlocutory orders, subject to further argumentation based on evidence and succeeded in securing a "stay" of the action pending this decision. Tragically, this further delay by the AG's relentless litigation against Nell meant that she died before securing a decision on her claim.
AG Appeal to the Ontario Court of Appeal challenging Perell, J's declaratiory orders on jurisdiction and statutory time limitations
AG Notice of Appeal Sept 8 2022
AG Factum on Appeal
AG Factum on Stay Motion
Responding Party Factum on Stay Motion
Decision of Trotter, J. (Oct 3, 2022) granting stay pending appeal on two issues
Toronto Star Oct 3, 2022
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ii) Attorney General Brings Motion to Strike Nell Toussaint's Statement of Claim and this is Dismissed by Justice Perell. Perell J. criticizes Canada for "a dog whistle argument that reeks of the prejudicial stereotype that immigrants come to Canada to milk the welfare system..."
Toussaint v. Canada (Attorney General) 2022 ONSC 4747AG
Canada Motion to Strike the Statement of Claim (amended)
AG Canada Factum Motion to Strike
CCPI Coalition Factum - Motion to Strike
Amnesty International & ESCR-Net Factum Motion to Strike
Colour of Poverty Coalition Factum Motion to Strike
Canadian Civil Liberties Association Factum Motion to Strike
Plaintiff Factum Motion to Strike
AG Canada Reply Factum
Motions for Leave to Intervene in Motion to Strike
Charter Committee on Poverty Issues/Canadian Health Coalition/FCJ Factum for Leave to Intervene
Amnesty International/ESCR-Net Factum for Leave to Intervene
Colour of Poverty Coalition Factum for Leave to Intervene
Canadian Civil Liberties Association Factum for Leave to Intervene
Canada Opposes Motions for Leave to Intervene
AG Canada's Factum on Intervention Applications
Intervention Motions Granted
Decision of Justice Belobaba on Intervention Motions (Jan 14, 2022)
Order of Justice Belobaba on intervention Motions (Jan 19, 2022)
iii) Nell Toussaint Files Statement of Claim Challenging Canada's refusal to Comply with the Committee's Decision
Amended Amended Statement of Claim (May 25, 2021) Nell Toussaint v Attorney General of Canada (Ontario Superior Court of Justice Court File No. CV-20-00649404-0000)
iv) Reconsideration Request to Supreme Court of Canada
Nell Toussaint applied to the Suprememe Court of Canada for reconsideration of its application for leave to appeal in light of the Committee' decision, but the application was denied by the Registrar (after a wait of a year).
Affidavit of Bruce Porter
Notice of Motion
Memorandum of Argument
Decision of SCC Registrar (June 9, 2020)
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v) The Petition to the UN Human Rights Committee (Under the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR)
Bruce Porter of SRAC, along with Nell's lawyer Andrew Dekany, assisted Nell in filing a petition to the UN Human Rights Committee alleging violations of the right to life in article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the right to non-discrimination under article 26.
On August 7, 2018 the Human Rights Committee issued its historic decision, finding that Canada had violated Nell's right to life and non-discrimination and that the government must take necessary measures to ensure that no one is denied access to essential health care because of irregular immigration status. This is the first decision of a UN treaty monitoring body to consider access to health care for irregular migrants as a right to life issue.
Executive Summary of the Petition
Petition: Nell Toussaint v Canada HRC No 2348-2014
Canada's Response on Admissibility
Author's Comments on Admissibility
Canada's Response on Merits
Author's Comments on Canada's Submissions
Amnesty International's Opinion in Support of the Author
ESCR-Net's Opinion in Support of the Author
Canada's Supplementary Response
Author's Response to Canada's Supplementary
Opinion Letter of Constitutional and Health Law Experts
The Human Rights Copmmittee's decision:
Toussaint v Canada CCPR/C/123/D/2348/2014 (30 August 2018)
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vi) Motion for Leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada (2011-12)
Applicant's Application for Leave to Appeal to SCC Memorandum
Letter from Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights
Affidavit of Nathalie Des Rosiers
Affidavit of Denise Gastalso
The leave application was dismissed by a panel of Justices LeBel, Abella and Cromwell on April 5, 2012.
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vii) Appeal to the Federal Court of Appeal (2011)
Appellant's Memorandum of Fact and Law
Canadian Civil Liberties Association Intervenor Memorandum
Respondants Memorandum of Fact and Law
The Federal Court of Appeal upheld the decision of Justice Zinn that denying healthcare necessary to the protection of life and security of undocumented migrants in Canada is in accordance with principles of fundamental justice under section 7 of the Charter. Justice Zinn did not refer to uncontroverted evidence on the record, Justice Stratas found on the basis of no evidence whatsoever that providing access to health care to irregular migrants when their life is at risk would undermine Canada's immigration laws and that many "might fall into the grasp of human smugglers, embarking upon a voyage of destitution and danger, with some never making it to our shores."
See the Federal Court of Appeal Decision
Toussaint v. Canada (Attorney General) 2011 FCA 213
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viii) Application for Reconsideration of One Component of Federal Court Decision
The applicant filed a Motion for Reconsideration of Justice Zinn's reasons with respect to the allegation of discrimination, arguing that her allegation of discrimination based on irregular citizenship status was mischaracterized. See the Applicant's Request for Reconsideration challenging mischaracterization of Discrimination Allegation. The Reconsideration application was dismissed by Justice Zinn after the Attorney General agreed not to object to the applicant arguing on appeal that discrimination on the ground of immigration status is prohibited under s.15 of the Charter.
See Decision of Zinn J on Application for Reconsideration
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ix) the Federal Court (2009-2010)
Notice of Application issued August 10, 2009
Applicant's Memorandum of Argument
Respondent's Memorandum of Argument
Affidavit of Nell Toussaint sworn January 26, 2009
Affidavit of Nell Toussaint sworn August 23, 2009
Supplementary Affidavit of Nell Toussaint sworn January 3, 2010
Affidavit of Manuel Carballo Executive Director of the International Centre for Migration, Health and Development (ICMHD) in Geneva.
Exhibit A – Curriculum Vitae and Resumé of Manuel Carballo
Report of Dr. Gordon H. Guyatt August 21, 2009
Affidavit of Stephen W. Hwang sworn August 25, 2009
Affidavit of Ilene Hyman sworn August 25, 2009
See decision of Justice Zinn in Toussaint v. AG (Canada) 2010 FC Canada 810.
See the article in the Toronto Star .
Justice Zinn found that "the record before the Court establishes that the applicant’s exclusion from IFHP coverage has exposed her to a risk to her life as well as to long-term, and potentially irreversible, negative health consequences."
Justice Zinn rejected the AG Canada's misinterpretation of comments from Chief Justice McLachlin in Chaoulli, which the AG argued precluded any protection of the right to life in the context of publicly funded health care. Justice Zinn explained that:"The present case is concerned with a scheme (the IFHP) that the government has put in place to provide health care to certain individuals; it is not concerned with whether non-citizens, or citizens for that matter, have a freestanding right to healthcare."
Unfortunately, Justice Zinn made no reference to the uncontested Affidavit of Manuel Carballo establishing that a fear that providing access to health care will increase irregular migration or lead to increased health care costs is a myth based on false stereotypes. Instead he simply surmised that allowing irregular migrants to die for lack of access to health care is rationally connected to an objective of preventing Canada from becoming a "health care safe haven." Justice Zinn held that the violation of the right to life in this case was in accordance with principles of fundamental justice under section 7 because it was not arbitrary.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x) The Original Decision (2009) and the Order-in-Council
Letter of aplication for IFHP dated May 6, 2009
Decision of Craig Shankar dated July 10, 2009 re Application for IFHP
Order-in-Council P.C. 157-11/848, effective June 20, 1957
